专家论坛|非酒精性脂肪性肝病相关肝细胞癌的诊断和治疗
1NAFLD-HCC的诊断
目前对于肝癌的诊断国际上有许多明确的诊断标准,2019年我国卫生部原发性肝癌诊疗规范[15]对于肝癌的诊断也给出了明确的临床标准,具体如下:(1)具有肝硬化以及HBV和/或HCV感染(HBV和/或HCV抗原阳性)的证据。(2)典型的HCC影像学特征:同期多排CT扫描和/或动态对比增强MRI检查显示肝脏占位在动脉期快速不均质血管强化,而静脉期或延迟期快速洗脱;①肝脏占位直径≥2 cm,CT和MRI两项影像学检查中有一项显示肝脏占位具有上述肝癌的特征,②肝脏占位直径为1~2 cm时则需要CT和MRI两项影像学检查均显示肝脏占位具有上述肝癌的特征。(3)血液甲胎蛋白(AFP)≥400 μg/L持续1个月或AFP≥200 μg/L持续2个月,并能排除其他原因引起的AFP升高,包括妊娠、生殖系胚胎源性肿瘤、活动性肝病及继发性肝癌等。同时满足以上条件中的(1)+(2)a两项或者(1)+(2)b+(3)3项即可作出HCC的临床诊断。当然,HCC诊断的金标准依然是肝脏占位性病变的组织病理学检查。然而,目前对于NAFLD-HCC的诊断尚无统一的标准。越来越多的研究显示NAFLD-HCC依然有一些区别于HBV/HCV-HCC的特征。NAFLD-HCC患者往往有代谢综合征的组分。Myers等[16]对瑞士日内瓦州1994年—2014年登记诊断为HCC的920例患者的研究发现,76例(8.6%)NAFLD-HCC与844例其他原因导致的HCC患者相比,前者通常合并肥胖、2型糖尿病、高脂血症等代谢综合症组分。NAFLD-HCC患者往往年龄较大、肝功能通常较好(表现在为较高的白蛋白、较低的INR)、较高的血小板计数和较少出现严重的门静脉高压;有较好的TNM分期,与非NAFLD相关HCC患者相比在HCC被诊断之前患者被监控随访的比例较低(9% vs 37%)[16]。然而,近来基于病例报告或病例系列的总结对NAFLD-HCC特征的推断显示,NAFLD相关性HCC患者倾向于男性、老年人,并具有一种或多种代谢综合征特征(表 1)[17-18]。NAFLD-HCC患者与HBV/HCV导致的HCC患者相比往往血液AFP水平较低。在日本一项209例HCC的临床研究[19]中,NAFLD-HCC患者AFP阳性率约为50%(AFP 10~100 ng/ml,27.9%;≥100 ng/ml,20.6%),并伴有凝血酶原[脱γ-羧基凝血酶原(DCP)]异常。DCP阳性率约为68%(DCP 40~100 mAU/ml,11.8%;≥100 mAU/ml,56.4%)。然而,NAFLD-HCC患者的DCP异常发生率略高于其他非NAFLD相关HCC患者。NAFLD-HCC的影像特点有别于其他原因引起的HCC。(1)CT扫描:虽然脂肪肝背景下,其特殊的肝实质密度与HCC的密度差异有时不明显而致NAFLD-HCC漏诊、误诊,但CT平扫发现脂肪肝合并环形或弧形高密度影时,应当警惕NAFLD合并HCC。其原因可能是由于肿瘤周围受压的肝细胞门静脉血供减少,脂肪浸润随之减少而形成的。NAFLD-HCC通常没有其他原因引起的HCC的典型的CT“快进快出”的特点,通常由于脂肪肝的背景致肝实质密度下降,与合并的HCC病灶间密度差异变小,其影像学特征具有较多的不典型性,且容易与多种局灶性病变混淆,应该引起足够重视[20]。(2)MRI:通常情况下脂肪肝患者,由于肝脏脂质成分的作用使正相位时肝脏信号增高,而在反相位时,含脂质成分越多,肝脏的信号降低越明显。NAFLD-HCC在正相位T1W1图像,HCC病灶表现为相对低信号,由于脂肪肝背景在反相位的型号强度减低,HCC病灶的对比信噪比会随着脂肪肝的严重程度而升高,甚至由负值转为正值(由相对低信号转为相对高信号),对比信噪比绝对值越大,HCC病灶与脂肪肝背景的对比度越强,显示也越明显[21]。2.1 针对NAFLD及其相关代谢综合征的治疗由于肥胖、2型糖尿病和NAFLD逐渐成为HCC的主要危险因素,为此针对NAFLD及其相关代谢综合征的治疗,对于NAFLD-HCC来说几乎是病因治疗。一方面可以减轻NAFLD及其相关代谢综合征对心血管、肾脏、肝脏等影响,另一方面可见减轻NAFLD-HCC的进展。为此针对NAFLD的基本治疗生活方式的治疗对NAFLD-HCC的治疗同样重要。一项用于治疗生活方式相关疾病的药物对HCC的影响进行的荟萃分析[22]表明,2型糖尿病患者服用二甲双胍与HCC风险降低相关。一项针对4298例HCC病例的大型荟萃分析[23]显示,他汀类药物可使HCC发生率降低37%,治疗生活方式相关疾病可抑制HCC。同样,减肥手术可减少NASH-HCC,与对照组相比,减肥组显示新发HCC的发生率较低(0.05% vs 0.34%,P=0.03)。减肥可能成为HCC预防的一种选择[21]。2.2 针对NAFLD-HCC的治疗目前对NAFLD-HCC患者的治疗的基本原则依旧是参照其他非NAFLD相关HCC的诊疗指南,常用的是巴塞罗那肝癌分期系统及日本肝癌协会肝癌诊治指南,但这两种HCC诊疗指南尚不能涵盖临床上HCC诊疗的全部,并且其各有优缺点。
NAFLD-HCC的治疗由肝功能和HCC进展程度决定,符合肝癌实践指南[25]和巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期。BCLC分期系统(图 1)已在临床实践中被广泛接受,也被用于许多新药治疗HCC的临床试验。因此,该分期系统已成为目前HCC常用的分期系统。该分期系统同样适用NAFLD-HCC[24, 26]。然而,NAFLD-HCC患者的术后病死率高于HCV-HCC患者。可能涉与NAFLD患者往往伴有血管病变(生活方式相关疾病的并发症)。在修订的第4版日本肝癌协会肝癌诊治指南[27]中,新建立HCC的治疗方法的临床问题。该算法推荐基于以下5个因素组合的治疗:肝功能储备、肝外转移、血管浸润、肿瘤数量和肿瘤大小(图 2)。2.3 二甲双胍作为NAFLD-HCC患者的抗癌药物NAFLD患者中2型糖尿病发生风险高,患者发生NAFLD-HCC的风险显著增高,2型糖尿病也参与癌症进展。最近发表的许多研究[25-30]显示,二甲双胍可通过激活(磷酸化)AMP激酶(AMPK)抑制糖异生和脂解,尤其是在肝脏脂肪细胞中,二甲双胍可减少脂肪酸合成和脂解。二甲双胍治疗患者中各种癌症相关的发生率和死亡率均显著下降,包括NAFLD-HCC。二甲双胍尚具有抑制癌细胞增殖的作用,包括NAFLD-HCC。因此,二甲双胍可能被证明是一种廉价的肿瘤预防药物,副作用小,可以应用于NAFLD-HCC的预防及治疗。2.4 肝移植治疗NAFLD-HCC在终末期肝病患者中,NAFLD-HCC是肝移植的指征;在过去20年中,NAFLD/NASH是肝移植增长最快的指标[31-32]。Wong等[33]研究了61 868例接受肝移植的患者,包括10 061例NAFLD-HCC病例;NASH-HCC的发病率从2002年的8.3%增加到2012年的13.5%。约50%的NASH移植受者发生复发性NAFLD,但NAFLD-HCC患者肝移植后结局与非NAFLD相关HCC患者相似[34]。
3总结
虽然随着HBV/HCV-HCC发病率逐年降低,与之相反的NAFLD-HCC发病率逐年上升,然而,目前对NAFLD-HCC确切机制尚不十分清楚。近来研究[35]发现,PNPLA3 rs738409等位基因与更严重的肝脂肪变性、纤维化和NASH的存在有关。高风险的PNPLA3 rs738409 G等位基因与儿童患者和成人早期疾病表现相关,已被证明是肝硬化患者HCC发生的强预测因子。NAFLD中HCC的发生是人端粒酶逆转录酶基因和膜结合O-酰基转移酶rs641738变异,后者与无进展期纤维化的NAFLD-HCC特别相关[36]。近来有研究[37]发现,骨桥蛋白、Dickkopf-1、miR-122、GSTP-1、RASSF1、LINE1可能是诊断NAFLD-HCC的可能血清肿瘤标志物。虽然NAFLD-HCC的诊断和治疗对于NAFLD-HCC患者的总体预后非常重要,然而对于NAFLD患者在没发生HCC之前如何筛查可能存在的HCC风险或早期HCC显得更为重要。目前多数指南推荐6个月的超声联合或不联合AFP作为NAFLD-HCC的监测策略。然而,AFP作为一种生物标志物的敏感度和特异度在NAFLD-HCC中较差,在高达40%的NAFLD-HCC患者中尤其是在早期NAFLD-HCC中观察到正常水平的AFP,因此AFP作为监测NAFLD-HCC的有效性在下降。超声在熟练操作人员中的敏感度≈60%,特异度>90%。但对于肥胖患者超声在检测NAFLD-HCC的敏感度下降至20%。而此时CT或MRI能够在98%的肥胖患者中检测到HCC。由于无肝硬化背景的NAFLD患者中很大部分可能患有HCC,如何更好的筛查该类人群显得尤为重要。由于CT电离辐射的影响, 因此,MRI将是此类患者的更好替代筛查方法[38-39]。虽然目前对NAFLD-HCC诊断、治疗和可能发生机制开展了一定的研究和总结,然而尚有许多临床和基础问题需要进一步深入研究。参考文献:
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引证本文颜士岩,范建高. 非酒精性脂肪性肝病相关肝细胞癌的诊断和治疗[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2021, 37(8): 1748-1752.
述评|陈东风:肝细胞癌的临床诊治——从指南到临床实践
全网首发|《临床肝胆病杂志》2021年第8期“肝癌临床诊疗新实践”重点号(执行主编:陈东风)