这个姑娘乳房切除后，却选择了这样生活……
周日，分析文章学英语的麦大叔课堂和你见面啦！
小伙伴们晚上好~
今天是大寒，意味着冬天最寒冷的阶段来临啦！这种天气不出门的话，窝在家里跟我们学学英语吧！
作为我国女性恶性肿瘤之首的乳腺癌，其患病例数和增长幅度均位居世界前列。
我国乳腺癌诊断的平均年龄是45—55岁，较西方女性年轻了10岁—20岁，35岁以下年龄段患者约占10%到15%。同时中国也是乳腺癌发病率增长速度最快的国家之一，每年以3%的速度递增，癌症防治负担仍在不断增加。
我国乳腺癌增幅居世界前列（医说新语）via人民日报海外版
近日，一位英国小姐姐、曾在23岁时被确诊为乳腺癌晚期的《太阳报》专栏作家Kris Hallenga就在BBC的一篇访谈中和大家分享了她与病魔抗争的10年。乐观的她在3年前还在自己的乳房切除术留下的疤痕上纹了一个走钢丝的杂技演员，并以自己的经历激励更多人勇敢面对疾病。
今天的麦大叔课堂，就让咱们来阅读BBC的这篇报道，了解有关乳腺癌的知识，并学习相关的英语表达。
At the age of 23, Kris Hallenga was diagnosed with terminal breast cancer. On average people given this diagnosis live for two-and-a-half years, but 10 years later she wants people to know that it is possible to beat the odds. (via BBC)
Kris的朋友、电视和电台主持人Fearne Cotton为Kris设计的纹身图案 (via BBC)
(Via BBC)
在报道的开头，Kris和大家分享了她左胸上那个纹身的由来。
"I got the tattoo maybe three years ago now, it's to representthe balance of any illness with life and everything else," she says.
“我大约是3年前做的纹身，这个纹身想要表达的是在任何疾病与生活、及其他所有一切之间取得平衡，”Kris说。
"I didn't want to cover up the scar, I just wanted it to feature within the art piece."
“我不想遮盖这个疤痕，我只想通过艺术来把它体现出来，”Kris说。
"What happened to me couldn't really be changed, and I think getting to grips withaccepting your situation is going to be much better than fighting something. That's why I don't see the cancer in my body as this enemy, because I don't think that's particularly healthy. I think we need to work with it rather than against it."
“发生在我身上的一切不会有所改变。你与其和它作抗争，不如你坦然接受这一切。这就是为什么我不把癌症看作敌人，因为我觉得那对健康没什么好处。我觉得我们需要与它合作而不是对抗。”
represent /,rɛprɪ'zɛnt/: 代表；表现；描绘
come/get to grips with sth: 认真处理
Kris是在2009年被诊断为乳腺癌晚期的。面对“死刑判决书”，她选择了设立名为“CoppaFeel”的慈善组织而不是选择愤怒，希望由此在年轻人中提高对乳腺癌的重视，鼓励他们定期进行乳腺检查。
对于当时年仅23岁的Kris来说，“死亡”并不是那么陌生。
早在她被诊断为乳腺癌晚期之前，她已经了解到生命是多么的脆弱。在她15岁的时候，她的祖母去世了，5年后，她的父亲又去世了。
"So I think that helped with my attitude and coping with the reality of the situation."
“我觉得这些经历帮助我建立起面对现实的态度。”
On 19 February, 10 years will have elapsed since the moment she was told she had stage-four breast cancer.
到2月19日，距离她被告知确诊为乳腺癌四期已经10年过去了。
elapse /ɪ'læps/：消逝；时间过去
可能大部分年轻的小伙伴们此前并没有关心过乳腺癌的分期（癌症所处的阶段）。我们借助Kris医生的话来科普下：
"Stage-one cancersare very small, limited to the breast," says Kris's doctor, consultant clinical oncologist Dr Duncan Wheatley. "Stage two and three are when it's starting to spread to thelymph glands around the breast and then stage four is when it's spread from beyond the breast to somewhere distant, whether that's liver, lung, bone, brain."
“癌症一期范围仅限于乳房，”Kris的医生，临床肿瘤医生Duncan Wheatley说。“二期、三期时，癌症开始扩散到乳房周围的淋巴腺。四期的时候，癌症已经扩散到远离乳房的位置，无论是肝、肺、骨骼、大脑。”
He says there are different degrees of stage-four breast cancer, but they are nearly always incurable.
他说，四期的乳腺癌也分不同的程度，但它们几乎都是不可治愈的。
Stage-one cancers: 癌症一期
lymph gland: 淋巴腺
incurable /ɪn'kjʊrəbl/：不能治愈的；无可救药的
而Kris的癌细胞当时已经扩散到了她的骨盆，肝脏和臀部，此外，她的脑部还有一个肿瘤。
"When I was diagnosed, I didn't think that I would die within the two-and-a-half years - that isstatistically what you're given when you're diagnosed with stage four - but then I also didn't think that I'd survive for a really long time. I just didn't really have anytimeframein mind."
“当我被确诊时，我不认为我会在两年半的时间里就死去。两年半是当你被确诊为癌症四期时，从统计学上你会被告知的生存期限。但我也不认为我会活得非常久。我脑中没有任何大体的时间概念。”
She says no doctor has ever given her a personal prognosis, and she says she is glad about that, "because I think that would have really held me back, and I don't believe in those timescales".
她告诉BBC，并没有医生给她做出过个人的预测，她也为此感到高兴，“因为我觉得那会阻碍我，我并不相信那些时间表。”
Breast cancer survival rateshave been increasing over the last 40 years, according to Macmillan Cancer Support, thanks to improved treatments, increased awareness and faster diagnosis. In the 1970s, about five out of 10 women survived beyond five years after diagnosis, but now more than eight out of 10 do.
根据英国慈善机构“迈米伦癌症支援”(MacMillan Cancer Support)的数据，得益于治疗手段的进步、意识的提高，以及更快速的诊断，乳腺癌的生存率在过去40年中一直在提高。在上世纪70年代，大约10个被诊断为乳腺癌的女性中只有5个能达到5年生存率。但如今，10个中有8个能达到。
diagnose /'daɪəgnəʊz/: 诊断；断定
statistically /stə'tɪstɪkli/: 统计地；统计学上
timeframe: 时间表
prognosis /prɒg'nəʊsɪs/: [医] 预后；预知
survival rates: 存活率
The earlier the diagnosis the better the chances of survival. Nine out of 10 women live beyond five years with stage-one breast cancer, compared with one in 10 women who have been diagnosed with stage-four breast cancer.
越早确诊，生存的机会越大。每10个确诊的乳腺癌一期女性中有9个可以达到5年生存率，相比之下，每10个确诊的乳腺癌4期女性中只有1个可以达到5年生存率。
Patients like Kris who do much better than predicted are often referred to as "long-term survivors".
而像Kris这样，大大超过预期的病人则常被称为癌症长期生存者。
The chance of developing breast cancer before the age of 30 is about 0.05% or one in 2,000, which increases to one in 50 or 2% before the age of 50. One in three women diagnosed with breast cancer in the UK is aged over 70.
在英国，30岁前罹患乳腺癌的几率大约在0.05%，或者说2000人中有1人。而50岁前罹患乳腺癌的几率上升到每50人中有1人，或者说是2%。在70岁以上的老年妇女中，每3个人中就有1人确诊为乳腺癌。
long-term survivors: 长期生存者
那乳腺癌有那些症状呢？我们通过一张图来了解下：
Changes in skin texture: 皮肤肌理的改变
Swelling in armpit or nearcollarbone:腋窝或锁骨处的肿胀
Lumps and thickening:肿块和增厚
Constant, unusual pain in breast or armpit: 乳房或腋窝有持续、不寻常的疼痛
Unusual nipple discharge: 不寻常的乳头溢液
Sudden change in size or shape: 乳房大小和形状的突然改变
Nipple inversionor change in direction:乳头内陷或方向上的改变
Red or scaly rashon the skin of the nipple or surrounding area: 乳头或周围区域有红疹或鳞片状皮疹
如今，Kris已经卸任了CoppaFeel的首席执行官一职，但她仍在为这项慈善事业做一些兼职的工作。去年年底，她还参加了女子乐队Little Mix的MV的拍摄。这首名为“Strip”的歌曲是为了提升女性对自身身体的信心并把励志的女性都聚集起来。
Kris Hallenga was one of the inspirational women in the Little Mix video for the song Strip (via BBC)
不过最近，Kris的癌症又复发了。她脑部病变的部位接受了特殊的放射治疗，并且病情得到了控制。但她肝脏部位的病变并没有得到控制，因此她和她的医生正在研究下一步的治疗方案。她并不想冒然进行治疗。她告诉BBC她已经有10年没有进行过化疗了，所以有可能会采用这种治疗方法，但她目前还不确定，她会非常谨慎地作决定。
让我们祝福这位美丽勇敢的小姐姐吧！
这周的麦大叔课堂就到这里啦，咱们下周日再见！