“肿瘤消除神器”有望克服癌症!
当前免疫疗法主要通过刺激全身免疫系统来促使免疫细胞消灭肿瘤,如PD1/PDL1检查点抑制剂及大热的CAR-T疗法。以上方法为癌症患者带来了生存希望,但它们都存在成本高且准备和治疗周期长的问题。
1月31日发表在《Science Translational Medicine》上的1篇名为《Eradication of spontaneous malignancy by local immunotherapy》的文章提供了一种快速且相对廉价的癌症治疗方法。研究人员将微量的两种免疫刺激物原位接种到小鼠肿瘤内,刺激免疫细胞消除肿瘤。
研究背景
肿瘤微环境内的免疫T细胞在刺激性受体的调节下,具有识别肿瘤抗原并消除肿瘤的作用。但是,一旦肿瘤成型,瘤内T细胞上的抑制信号通过细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA4)和程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD1)等分子与各自的配体作用后传递,形成免疫抑制。这为肿瘤的治疗增加了难度。
为了使T细胞被有效激活,本文作者进行了临床前筛选,通过将免疫刺激剂原位注射到肿瘤,发现Toll样受体9(TLR9)的配体(CpG)可以诱导肿瘤微环境中CD4T细胞上OX40的表达。 OX40是属于TNFR超家族的共刺激分子,其在活化的肿瘤浸润效应T细胞(Teff)和调节性T细胞(Treg)上都表达。 OX40信号可促进Teff激活并抑制Treg功能。进一步研究发现,添加激动性抗OX40抗体可以提供协同刺激来引发抗肿瘤免疫应答;CpG和抗OX40抗体的这种组合可以有效的消除小鼠体内所有的癌症痕迹。
实验思路
1.将肿瘤植入小鼠体内不同位置,通过原位接种免疫刺激剂,在20种分子中筛选出可以较好激活T细胞的免疫刺激剂。发现CpG可以使CD4 T细胞上OX40表达上调。
2. 假设激动性抗OX40抗体可以增强CpG的刺激性并有助于诱导抗肿瘤免疫应答。
3.CpG和抗OX40抗体组合诱导的免疫应答是否具有肿瘤特异性。
4. 探讨CpG和抗OX40抗体组合抗肿瘤免疫应答的机制。
实验结果
1、CpG诱导CD4 T细胞上OX40的表达。
2、原位接种CpG与抗OX40抗体可治疗局部和远端肿瘤。
3、CpG和抗OX40抗体的这种组合可以治疗自发性乳腺癌。
4、瘤内CpG和抗OX40抗体组合的免疫作用是由局部注射部位触发的,并且具有肿瘤抗原特异性。
5、抗OX40抗体效用是Fc依赖性的。抗OX40抗体与CpG结合,可以通过NK细胞激活,Treg抑制和Teff激活的组合来诱导治疗性全身性抗肿瘤免疫应答。
研究意义
原位注射微克量的免疫刺激剂和检查点抗体被证明足以诱导局部免疫调节,导致全身抗肿瘤免疫应答。CpG和抗OX40抗体以非常低的剂量在局部起作用,这具有避免全身给药发生的毒性的优点。通过与遗传易感小鼠类比,我们可以设想,医生在手术切除肿瘤前在原发性肿瘤部位处原位接种疫苗,可有效抑制癌细胞的转移和复发。
原文摘要
It has recently become apparent that the immune system can cure cancer. In some of these strategies, the antigen targets are preidentified and therapies are custom-made against these targets. In others, antibodies are used to remove the brakes of the immune system, allowing preexisting T cells to attack cancer cells. We have used another noncustomized approach called in situ vaccination. Immunoenhancing agents are injected locally into one site of tumor, thereby triggering a T cell immune response locally that then attacks cancer throughout the body. We have used a screening strategy in which the same syngeneic tumor is implanted at two separate sites in the body. One tumor is then injected with the test agents, and the resulting immune response is detected by the regression of the distant, untreated tumor. Using this assay, the combination of unmethylated CG–enriched oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG)—a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand—and anti-OX40 antibody provided the most impressive results. TLRs are components of the innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns on pathogens. Low doses of CpG injected into a tumor induce the expression of OX40 on CD4+ T cells in the microenvironment in mouse or human tumors. An agonistic anti-OX40 antibody can then trigger a T cell immune response, which is specific to the antigens of the injected tumor. Remarkably, this combination of a TLR ligand and an anti-OX40 antibody can cure multiple types of cancer and prevent spontaneous genetically driven cancers.
Sagiv-Barfi el al., Eradication of spontaneous malignancy by local immunotherapy[J].Science Translational medicine(2018).